While tying up my walls and rafters I followed sailor rule #1-
If you can't tie a knot, tie a lot.
The charcoal making experiment was a 50% success -
As in 50% Carbon yield and 50% ash. Is all the energy embodied in wood and other organic matter just stored up solar energy? A tree takes 100 years to grow and about 30 minutes to burn, releasing heat that it's stored for years. Trees are, among other things, a bunch of energy capacitors...For the next experiment I will need a welder and welding practice in order to make a proper charcoal-making device. What can we use charcoal for?
1. - Grilling on an open flame without the taste or carcinogenic injection of petroleum accelerants
2. - Terra Preta! This is the mythical Amazonian 'Black Earth'. I've been doing some side experiments with this... Basically, strange black soil was discovered 40 years ago in the middle of the rainforest (most of the soil there is an 'oxisol' which is orange). - (here's a good pic that gets around the B+W decree)

This soil amazes scientists because plants absolutely love it (and the microorganism count is off the charts (if there are any pedological microorganism charts)) and it increases in thickness every year - it grows; like the blob. The supposed secret to the soil? Charcoal. And lots of it.
Charcoal has this amazing ability to link up with lots of other atoms. Which is why it is the backbone of what we're made of I guess... It is said that an ounce of carbon (in the form of charcoal) has a surface area of 3 football fields (more nooks and crannies than a Thomas' English Muffin).
Among other things, 2 factors that make an excellent soil are porosity and nutrient retention. Soil is a living thing. A collection of uncountable species of bacteria and fungi, symbiotically related and not...Charcoal not only creates the porosity for mushroom mycelium and bacteria to hang out in, but also attracts and holds onto water, nutrients and other stuff, which the afforementioned little bugs make available to plant roots; Super Soil! I'm making some. I already have good soil so I might not notice much of a difference. But Haiti doesn't have soil; and the people are starving. maybe we can find a way to rebuild their soil using stuff they already have...reliance.
The soil used in agribusiness is typically tilled to death and dusty and the water will either run off or through it and leech the nutrients out - This is one reason why they require constant and increasing petroleum-based fertilizer inputs to maintain crop yields. This is how 95% of food is grown now. This is a liquidation of a natural resource. And I'm told that if we didn't do this, we wouldn't be able to feed the number of people that are being fed now. I call bullshit.
Anyway - I also had the problem of the roof to solve. I had a 1/2" piece of plywood which I had used for a couch I made back in 2003. The couch was a bomb so I ripped it into little strips* -
Many ideas were sketched out to try and solve the mysterious spiral failure. In the end, I reasoned that in order to prevent it from failing spirally, I needed to strengthen it spirally. Seemed simple. So I did. First put up some supports -
Then added the spiral strips -
Can you see them around the edges? I am realizing that this is a cool pic, but not very explanatory. Anyway this was an absolute success! I was able to swing from the circle without a problem now. I might even hook my rings up to it.
Here's a closing shot of the last round of germinations -
Open Questions:
1.) What will my floor be made out of?
2.) What will my walls and ceiling be made out of?
3.) How will I insulate?
Creativity and budget-mindedness are encouraged.
Your understanding of Biochar is spot on.
ReplyDeleteHere's mine with some of the links to major developments;
Biochar Soil Technology.....Husbandry of whole new orders of life
Biotic Carbon, the carbon transformed by life, should never be combusted, oxidized and destroyed. It deserves more respect, reverence even, and understanding to use it back to the soil where 2/3 of excess atmospheric carbon originally came from.
We all know we are carbon-centered life, we seldom think about the complex web of recycled bio-carbon which is the true center of life. A cradle to cradle, mutually co-evolved biosphere reaching into every crack and crevice on Earth.
It's hard for most to revere microbes and fungus, but from our toes to our gums (onward), their balanced ecology is our health. The greater earth and soils are just as dependent, at much longer time scales. Our farming for over 10,000 years has been responsible for 2/3rds of our excess greenhouse gases. This soil carbon, converted to carbon dioxide, Methane & Nitrous oxide began a slow stable warming that now accelerates with burning of fossil fuel.
Wise Land management; Organic farming and afforestation can build back our soil carbon,
Biochar allows the soil food web to build much more recalcitrant organic carbon, ( living biomass & Glomalins) in addition to the carbon in the biochar.
Biochar, the modern version of an ancient Amazonian agricultural practice called Terra Preta (black earth, TP), is gaining widespread credibility as a way to address world hunger, climate change, rural poverty, deforestation, and energy shortages… SIMULTANEOUSLY!
Modern Pyrolysis of biomass is a process for Carbon Negative Bio fuels, massive Carbon sequestration,10X Lower Methane & N2O soil emissions, and 3X Fertility Too.
Every 1 ton of Biomass yields 1/3 ton Charcoal for soil Sequestration, Bio-Gas & Bio-oil fuels, so is a totally virtuous, carbon negative energy cycle.
Biochar viewed as soil Infrastructure; The old saw;
"Feed the Soil Not the Plants" becomes;
"Feed, Cloth and House the Soil, utilities included !".
Free Carbon Condominiums with carboxyl group fats in the pantry and hydroxyl alcohol in the mini bar.
Build it and the Wee-Beasties will come.
As one microbiologist said on the Biochar list; "Microbes like to sit down when they eat".
By setting this table we expand husbandry to whole new orders of life.
This is what I try to get across to Farmers, as to how I feel about the act of returning carbon to the soil. An act of pertinence and thankfulness for the civilization we have created. Farmers are the Soil Sink Bankers, once carbon has a price, they will be laughing all the way to it.
One aspect of Biochar systems are Cheap, clean biomass stoves that produce biochar and no respiratory disease. At scale, the health benefits are greater than ending Malaria.
A great example;
http://www.unccd.int/publicinfo/poznanclimatetalks/docs/Natural%20Draft%20Stove.pdf
The biochar Fund is also doing amazing work in the developing world;
http://terrapretapot.org/
Also , I would like Rebut the BioFuelWatch folk's recent criticisms with the petition of 1500 Cameroon Farmers;
The Biochar Fund
http://biocharfund.org/
and to explain their program;
http://biocharfund.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26&Itemid=46
The USDA-ARS have dozens of studies happening now to ferret out the reasons for char affinity with MYC fungi and microbes, but this synergy is solidly shown by the Japanese work, literally showing 1+1=3
Senator / Secretary of Interior Ken Salazar has done the most to nurse this biofuels system in his Biochar provisions in the 07 & 08 farm bill,
http://www.biochar-international.org/newinformationevents/newlegislation.html
Charles Mann ("1491") in the Sept. National Geographic has a wonderful soils article which places Terra Preta / Biochar soils center stage.
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/mann-text
Biochar data base; TP-REPP
http://terrapreta.bioenergylists.org/?q=node
NASA's Dr. James Hansen Global warming solutions paper and letter to the G-8 conference, placing Biochar / Land management the central technology for carbon negative energy systems.
http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0804/0804.1126.pdf
The many new university programs & field studies, in temperate soils; Cornell, ISU, U of H, U of GA, Virginia Tech, JMU, New Zealand and Australia.
Glomalin's role in soil tilth, fertility & basis for the soil food web in Terra Preta soils.
UNCCD Submission to Climate Change/UNFCCC AWG-LCA 5
"Account carbon contained in soils and the importance of biochar (charcoal) in replenishing soil carbon pools, restoring soil fertility and enhancing the sequestration of CO2."
http://www.unccd.int/publicinfo/AWGLCA5/menu.php
This new Congressional Research Service report (by analyst Kelsi Bracmort) is the best short summary I have seen so far - both technical and policy oriented.
http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/R40186_20090203.pdf .
Given the current "Crisis" atmosphere concerning energy, soil sustainability, food vs. Biofuels, and Climate Change what other subject addresses them all?
This is a Nano technology for the soil that represents the most comprehensive, low cost, and productive approach to long term stewardship and sustainability.
Carbon to the Soil, the only ubiquitous and economic place to put it.
Cheers,
Erich J. Knight
Shenandoah Gardens
540 289 9750
Biochar Studies at ACS Huston meeting;
Most all this work corroborates char soil dynamics we have seen so far . The soil GHG emissions work showing increased CO2 , also speculates that this CO2 has to get through the hungry plants above before becoming a GHG.
The SOM, MYC& Microbes, N2O (soil structure), CH4 , nutrient holding , Nitrogen shock, humic compound conditioning, absorbing of herbicides all pretty much what we expected to hear.
578-I: http://a-c-s.confex.com/crops/2008am/webprogram/Session4231.html
579-II http://a-c-s.confex.com/crops/2008am/webprogram/Session4496.html
665 - III. http://a-c-s.confex.com/crops/2008am/webprogram/Session4497.html
666-IV http://a-c-s.confex.com/crops/2008am/webprogram/Session4498.html
Company News & EU Certification
Below is an important hurtle that 3R AGROCARBON has overcome in certification in the EU. Given that their standards are set much higher than even organic certification in the US, this work should smooth any bureaucratic hurtles we may face.
EU Permit Authority - 4 years tests
Subject: Fwd: [biochar] Re: GOOD NEWS: EU Permit Authority - 4 years tests successfully completed
Doses: 400 kg / ha – 1000 kg / ha at different horticultural cultivars
Plant height Increase 141 % versus control
Picking yield Increase 630 % versus control
Picking fruit Increase 650 % versus control
Total yield Increase 202 % versus control
Total piece of fruit Increase 171 % versus control
Fruit weight Increase 118 % versus control
HOMEPAGE 3R AGROCARBON: http://www.3ragrocarbon.com
Also:
EcoTechnologies is planning for many collaborations ; NC State, U. of Leeds, Cardiff U. Rice U. ,JMU, U.of H. and at USDA with Dr.Jeffrey Novak who is coordinating ARS Biochar research. This Coordinated effort will speed implementation by avoiding unneeded repetition and building established work in a wide variety of soils and climates.
http://www.EcoTechnologies.com
Hopefully all the Biochar companies will coordinate with Dr. Jeff Novak's soils work at ARS; http://www.ars.usda.gov/pandp/people/people.htm?personid=24434
I spoke with Jon Nilsson of the CarbonChar Group, in their third year of field trials ;
An idea whose time has come | Carbon Char Group
He said the 2008 trials at Virginia Tech showed a 46% increase in yield of tomato transplants grown with just 2 - 5 cups (2 - 5%) "Biochar+" per cubic foot of growing medium. http://www.carbonchar.com/plant-performance
Low Tech Clean Biochar;
http://holon.se/folke/carbon/simplechar/simplechar.shtml